Conocimiento del personal de salud en el uso y cuidados de permanencia del catéter vesical en establecimientos de salud de Chachapoyas en el año 2022

Objetivo: Describir el nivel de conocimiento sobre el uso adecuado del catéter vesical y cuidados de permanencia del mismo en personal de establecimientos de salud de Chachapoyas en el año 2022. Metodología: Estudio tipo observacional, descriptivo y transversal. Se conto con la participación de 155 profesionales de la salud pertenecientes a los establecimientos de salud que formaban parte de la población de estudio. Los datos se obtuvieron a partir de un instrumento validad por expertos. El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante los programas estadísticos STATA versión 11 y Microsoft Excel Resultados: Se encuesto un total de 155 trabajadores de salud (médicos, internos de medicina, licenciadas en enfermería y técnicos de enfermería) evaluándose 2 dimensiones, indicaciones de uso y cuidados de permanencia, de las cuales es mayor el conocimiento en indicaciones de uso con 58.4% en los médicos y el 34.9% en licenciadas de enfermería en relación a cuidados de permanencia. Las licenciadas de enfermería tuvieron 5 veces más frecuencia de conocimiento en comparación a los internos de medicina (6.7%). A su vez se pudo determinar que el nivel de conocimiento del uso de catéter vesical es alto (56.7%), siendo los técnicos en enfermería los que presentan en su mayoría este nivel de conocimiento. Los internos de medicina tienen un nivel de conocimiento medio (3.2%). Conclusiones: Se concluye, que el personal de los diferentes establecimientos de salud de Chachapoya en el año 2022, tienen un adecuado conocimiento sobre el uso del catéter vesical, siendo su nivel alto en el caso del personal médico, de enfermería y técnicos de enfermería, así como nivel medio en el caso de los internos de medicin

Ontologies, Mental Disorders and Prototypes

As it emerged from philosophical analyses and cognitive research, most concepts exhibit typicality effects, and resist to the efforts of defining them in terms of necessary and sufficient conditions. This holds also in the case of many medical concepts. This is a problem for the design of computer science ontologies, since knowledge representation formalisms commonly adopted in this field do not allow for the representation of concepts in terms of typical traits. However, the need of representing concepts in terms of typical traits concerns almost every domain of real world knowledge, including medical domains. In particular, in this article we take into account the domain of mental disorders, starting from the DSM-5 descriptions of some specific mental disorders. On this respect, we favor a hybrid approach to the representation of psychiatric concepts, in which ontology oriented formalisms are combined to a geometric representation of knowledge based on conceptual spaces

Cognitive functioning throughout adulthood and illness stages in individuals with psychotic disorders and their unaffected siblings

Important questions remain about the profile of cognitive impairment in psychotic disorders across adulthood and illness stages. The age-associated profile of familial impairments also remains unclear, as well as the effect of factors, such as symptoms, functioning, and medication. Using cross-sectional data from the EU-GEI and GROUP studies, comprising 8455 participants aged 18 to 65, we examined cognitive functioning across adulthood in patients with psychotic disorders (n = 2883), and their unaffected siblings (n = 2271), compared to controls (n = 3301). An abbreviated WAIS-III measured verbal knowledge, working memory, visuospatial processing, processing speed, and IQ. Patients showed medium to large deficits across all functions (ES range = –0.45 to –0.73, p < 0.001), while siblings showed small deficits on IQ, verbal knowledge, and working memory (ES = –0.14 to –0.33, p < 0.001). Magnitude of impairment was not associated with participant age, such that the size of impairment in older and younger patients did not significantly differ. However, first-episode patients performed worse than prodromal patients (ES range = –0.88 to –0.60, p < 0.001). Adjusting for cannabis use, symptom severity, and global functioning attenuated impairments in siblings, while deficits in patients remained statistically significant, albeit reduced by half (ES range = –0.13 to –0.38, p < 0.01). Antipsychotic medication also accounted for around half of the impairment in patients (ES range = –0.21 to –0.43, p < 0.01). Deficits in verbal knowledge, and working memory may specifically index familial, i.e., shared genetic and/or shared environmental, liability for psychotic disorders. Nevertheless, potentially modifiable illness-related factors account for a significant portion of the cognitive impairment in psychotic disorders

Modern tests of Lorentz invariance

Motivated by ideas about quantum gravity, a tremendous amount of effort over the past decade has gone into testing Lorentz invariance in various regimes. This review summarizes both the theoretical frameworks for tests of Lorentz invariance and experimental advances that have made new high precision tests possible. The current constraints on Lorentz violating effects from both terrestrial experiments and astrophysical observations are presented.Comment: Modified and expanded discussions of various points. Numerous references added. Version matches that accepted by Living Reviews in Relativit

A Potential Tension in DMS-5: The General Definition of Mental Disorder vs. Some Specific Diagnostic Criteria

The general concept of mental disorder specified in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is definitional in character: a mental disorder might be identified with a harmful dysfunction. The manual also contains the explicit claim that each individual mental disorder should meet the requirements posed by the definition. The aim of this article is two-fold. First, we shall analyze the definition of the superordinate concept of mental disorder to better understand what necessary (and sufficient) criteria actually characterize such a concept. Second, we shall consider the concepts of some individual mental disorders and show that they are in tension with the definition of the superordinate concept, taking pyromania and narcissistic personality disorder as case studies. Our main point is that an unexplained and not-operationalized dysfunction requirement that is included in the general definition, while being systematically violated by the diagnostic criteria of specific mental disorders, is a logical error. Then, either we unpack and operationalize the dysfunction requirement, and include explicit diagnostic criteria that can actually meet it, or we simply drop it

Against Sex and Gender Dualism in Gender-Specific Medicine

In this paper, we aim to criticise the dualistic approach of gender-specific medicine with regard to sex and gender. Firstly, we analyse the definition of intersexuality and reject the idea that it is a disease unto itself. Medicine classifies cases of intersexuality as disorders of sex development, because they do not conform to the dualist scheme that defines an individual\u2019s sex as \u201ceither male or female\u201d. However, we argue that there is no compelling reason to label intersexuality as a disease unto itself. In order to support this claim, we then consider some relevant naturalistic conceptions of health and disease. Secondly, we show that gender-specific medicine, and medicine in general, could be improved by abandoning rigid dualism concerning sex and gender. Taking sex and gender pluralism seriously would potentiate us to recognise that intersexual, transsexual, and transgender people have their own specific physiology, pathophysiology, and health concerns, which up to now have been mostly overlooked and unaddressed by gender-specific medicine. It would also encourage us to consider intersexual, transsexual, and transgender people, and to include them in clinical trials, medical research, and treatment. All this would be an ethical, epistemological, and medical improvement